Resumen Con la llegada del virus de Covid-19 se ha marcado un antes y después en la historia contemporánea de la educación. Los procesos educativos se restructuraron de manera súbita para hacerlos funcionales en un momento de incertidumbre. Los docentes de inglés en México padecieron la abrupta e inesperada transformación del paradigma educativo no sólo en el plano académico sino en otros aspectos de su vida como el físico o el emocional. Al ser el socioconstructivismo el enfoque de enseñanza adoptado por los participantes, es necesario plantear ¿cuáles son las problemáticas emergentes durante la enseñanza constructivista a distancia en el marco de la pandemia para los maestros de inglés en México? Se abordó el fenómeno desde un enfoque cualitativo mediante el método de estudio de caso. Se emplearon entrevistas a profundidad y el tratamiento de la información se gestionó con el software de análisis cualitativo Nvivo 11. Se concluye que las medidas por confinamiento ante una emergencia sanitaria tuvieron repercusiones de diversa índole en la vida de los participantes; sin embargo, se presentaron oportunidades para el cambio positivo y la resiliencia individual y colectiva.

Abstract The arrival of COVID 19 has marked a ‘before’ and an ‘after’ in the contemporary history of education. Educational processes were suddenly restructured to make them functional at a time of uncertainty. English teachers in Mexico suffered the abrupt and unexpected transformation of their educational paradigm, not only academically but also in other aspects of their lives such as the physical or the emotional ones. Since socio-constructivism is the teaching approach adopted by the participants in our study, we must ask which problems emerged for English teachers in Mexico during constructivist distance learning in the context of the pandemic. We approached the phenomenon from a qualitative approach through the case study method, with in-depth interviews. The information obtained was processed with the qualitative analysis software Nvivo 11. We concluded that although the measures for confinement in a health emergency had repercussions of various kinds in the lives of the participants, there were opportunities for positive change as well as individual and collective resilience.

RESUMO Melancia (Citrullus lanatus) é uma planta frutífera, ramadora, cultivada no México, gerando emprego e divisas para o país. Há necessidade de pesquisar substratos orgânicos locais ideais para substituir a turfa como meio de cultura visando produção de mudas de melancia de boa qualidade com baixo custo. Portanto, avaliou-se as propriedades físico-químicas de cinco substratos orgânicos locais (casca de cacau, composto, vermicomposto, esterco bovino, fibra de coco e o substrato comercial “Peat Moss” como controle) como substitutos do substrato comercial “Peat Moss”, para produzir mudas das cultivares Sun Sweet e Jubilee. As variáveis de resposta foram: porcentagem de germinação, indicadores de qualidade morfológica e índices de qualidade morfológica, estabilidade do torrão e eficiência relativa dos substratos locais. Os melhores indicadores morfológicos e índice de qualidade morfológica das mudas foram encontrados com os substratos casca de cacau e vermicomposto, com qualidade de mudas semelhantes às obtidas com o substrato comercial. O composto apresentou a menor estabilidade do torrão e eficiência relativa. Os substratos de casca de cacau e vermicomposto são adequados para substituir o substrato comercial “Peat Moss”, além de serem de fácil obtenção e de baixo custo, sendo uma alternativa viável para agricultores rurais na produção de mudas de melancia.

ABSTRACT Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a succulent fruit and vine-like plant that is cultivated in Mexico and it generates employment and currency for the country. However, there is the need to research what local organic substrates can substitute peat moss as a culture medium to produce watermelon seedlings of good quality and at low cost. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of five local organic substrates as substitutes of the commercial substrate “Peat Moss”, for the production of seedlings of two watermelon cultivars, Sun Sweet and Jubilee. Five local organic substrates were studied: cacao husk, compost, vermicompost, bovine manure, coconut fiber and the commercial substrate “Peat Moss” as control. The response variables were percentage of germination, indicators of morphological quality and morphological quality indexes, stability of the clod, and relative efficiency of the local substrates. The best morphological indicators and morphological quality index of the seedlings were found with the substrates cacao husk and vermicompost, with a seedling quality similar to those obtained with the commercial substrate. Compost presented the lowest stability of the clod and relative efficiency. The substrates of cacao husk and vermicompost can substitute the commercial substrate “Peat Moss”, in addition to being easy to obtain and of low cost; so they are a viable alternative for rural farmers in the production of watermelon seedlings.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Cuba, the nasal application of recombinant human IFN-alpha- 2b (nasalferon) began in personnel at risk in order to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Objective: To characterize the safety in those subjects exposed to the use of Nasalferon at the Surgical Medical Research Center and to explore the effect of the prophylactic use of the drug against acute respiratory symptoms mainly caused by SARS-CoV-2. Material and Methods: Monocentric, prospective, open, and early surveillance epidemiological study conducted in healthcare workers who were administered Nasalferon. Surveillance was performed using the Prescription-Related Adverse Event Monitoring Surveillance method. The main variable was the presence of adverse events. Secondarily, the effect of the drug in preventing virus infection was explored. For the analysis of the main variable, the proportion of subjects who experienced each of the adverse events was estimated. In addition, the frequency distribution of the type of event, intensity, severity, and causality or imputability were estimated. Results: A total of 86 subjects were included; 50 of them experienced 15 types of adverse events. No severe or serious events were reported. Headache, leukopenia, decay, and arterial hypertension were classified as moderate ones. During the whole duration of the treatment and until a month after it, none of the subjects included in the study presented COVID-19 or other viral acute respiratory symptoms. Conclusions: Nasalferon proved to be a safe and tolerable drug and the included subjects did not present acute respiratory symptoms related or unrelated to COVID-19.

RESUMEN Introducción: En Cuba se empezó la aplicación nasal de IFN alfa 2b recombinante humano (Nasalferon) en personal de riesgo para prevenir la infección por el SARS-CoV-2. Objetivo: caracterizar la seguridad de los expuestos al uso del Nasalferon en el Centro de Investigaciones Médico Quirúrgicas y explorar el efecto del uso profiláctico del fármaco contra cuadros respiratorios agudos causados preferentemente por el SARS-CoV-2. Material y Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico monocéntrico, prospectivo, abierto, de vigilancia temprana en trabajadores sanitarios, a los que se le administró nasalferon. Se realizó la vigilancia mediante el método de Vigilancia del Monitoreo de Eventos Adversos Ligados a la Prescripción. La variable principal fue la presencia de eventos adversos. Secundariamente se exploró el efecto del fármaco en la prevención de infección por el virus. Para el análisis de la variable principal se estimó la proporción de sujetos con cada uno de los eventos adversos que se presentaron. Se estimaron, además, la distribución de frecuencia del tipo de evento, intensidad, gravedad y la causalidad o imputabilidad. Resultados: Se incluyeron 86 sujetos, de ellos, 50 experimentaron 15 tipos de eventos adversos. No se reportaron eventos severos ni graves. Los catalogados como moderados fueron: cefalea, leucopenia, decaimiento e hipertensión arterial. Durante el tiempo que duró el tratamiento y hasta un mes después de este, ninguno de los sujetos incluidos presentó COVID-19 ni otros cuadros respiratorios agudos virales. Conclusiones: El Nasalferon resultó ser un fármaco seguro y tolerable y los sujetos incluidos no presentaron cuadros respiratorios agudos relacionados o no con la COVID-19.

Abstract INTRODUCTIONSARS-CoV-2 infection can produce endothelial injury and microvascular damage, one cause of the multiorgan failure associated with COVID-19. Cerebrovascular endothelial damage increases the risk of stroke in COVID-19 patients, which makes prompt diagnosis important. Endothelial dysfunction can be evaluated by using transcranial Doppler ultrasound to study cerebral hemodynamic reserve, but there are few of these studies in patients with COVID-19, and the technique is not included in COVID-19 action and follow-up guidelines nationally or internationally. OBJECTIVEEstimate baseline cerebral hemodynamic patterns, cerebral hemodynamic reserve, and breath-holding index in recovered COVID-19 patients. METHODWe conducted an exploratory study in 51 people; 27 men and 24 women 20–78 years of age, divided into two groups. One group comprised 25 recovered COVID-19 patients, following clinical and epidemiological discharge, who suffered differing degrees of disease severity, and who had no neurological symptoms or disease at the time they were incorporated into the study. The second group comprised 26 people who had not been diagnosed with COVID-19 and who tested negative by RT-PCR at the time of study enrollment. Recovered patients were further divided into two groups: those who had been asymptomatic or had mild disease, and those who had severe or critical disease. We performed transcranial Doppler ultrasounds to obtain baseline and post-apnea tests of cerebral hemodynamic patterns to evaluate cerebral hemodynamic reserve and breath-holding indices. We characterized the recovered patient group and the control group through simple descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations). RESULTSThere were no measurable differences in baseline cerebral hemodynamics between the groups. However, cerebral hemodynamic reserve and breath-holding index were lower in those who had COVID-19 than among control participants (19.9% vs. 36.8% and 0.7 vs. 1.2 respectively). These variables were similar for patients who had asymptomatic or mild disease (19.9% vs.19.8%) and for those who had severe or critical disease (0.7 vs. 0.7). CONCLUSIONSPatients recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection showed decreased cerebral hemodynamic reserve and breath-holding index regardless of the disease’s clinical severity or presence of neurological symptoms. These abnormalities may be associated with endothelial damage caused by COVID-19. It would be useful to include transcranial Doppler ultrasound in evaluation and follow-up protocols for patients with COVID-19.

Abstract Statistics have become especially important in the information and knowledge age. Professionals and scientists, and also citizens, recognize that it helps in the collection, organization and analysis of data, and that its principles support the interpretation and communication of the results obtained. It is accepted that it is a methodology to obtain knowledge, and likewise a technology, that supports diagnoses, interventions and decision-making in contexts of uncertainty. This essay presents a broad and fair conceptualization of this discipline. It also makes a characterization of its mission and briefly reviews its history, trends and current status. At the end, a brief vision of the prospects for the future is presented.

Resumen La estadística ha adquirido especial importancia en la era de la información y el conocimiento. Los profesionales y científicos, y también los ciudadanos, reconocen que ayuda a la recopilación, organización y análisis de datos, y que sus principios apoyan la interpretación y comunicación de los resultados obtenidos. Se acepta que es una metodología para obtener conocimiento, y así mismo una tecnología, que respalda diagnósticos, intervenciones y la toma de decisiones en contextos de incertidumbre. Este ensayo presenta una conceptualización amplia y justa de esta disciplina. También hace una caracterización de su misión y revisa brevemente su historia, tendencias y estado actual. Al final se presenta una breve visión de las perspectivas para el futuro.

Resumo A estatística adquiriu especial importância na era da informação e do conhecimento. Profissionais e cientistas, e também cidadãos, reconhecem que ajuda a recolher, organizar e analisar dados e que os seus princípios apoiam a interpretação e comunicação dos resultados obtidos. Aceita-se que é uma metodologia de obtenção de conhecimento, e também uma tecnologia, que suporta diagnósticos, intervenções e tomadas de decisão em contextos de incerteza. Este ensaio apresenta uma conceituação ampla e justa desta disciplina. Também faz uma caracterização de sua missão e faz uma breve revisão de sua história, tendências e situação atual. Ao final, é apresentado um breve panorama das perspectivas para o futuro.

RESUMEN La educación continua (EC), la educación permanente (EP) y el aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida (AV) son conceptos que suelen emplearse de manera indiferenciada para referirse a experiencias de aprendizaje que suceden de manera continuada. Estos conceptos comparten características y atributos que los acercan conceptualmente. Sin embargo, cada uno de ellos se encuentra determinado por una serie de condiciones históricas y representacionales que los hace únicos. Por ello, es necesario analizar cada término para reconocer sus aproximaciones y diferencias filosóficas, semánticas, técnicas y operativas. Esta investigación tiene un enfoque cualitativo de tipo documental. Se procesaron 21 artículos indexados en los repositorios de Redalyc, Scielo y ERIC. En dichos artículos se define o explica a fondo los conceptos de EC, EP y AV. La información fue codificada con el Software MAXQDA, que facilitó el tratamiento de los textos. Se generó un cuadro de doble entrada para la organización de los resultados y su posterior discusión. Las categorías de análisis fueron el origen histórico del concepto, la construcción conceptual, la integración, el potencial, la obligatoriedad, los contenidos de aprendizaje, el desarrollo de autonomía, la temporalidad, la espacialidad, el rol del aprendiente y los objetivos de cada esquema de aprendizaje. Se encontró que existen una serie de semejanzas, como la idea de continuidad y de formación profesional. En cuanto a las diferencias, lo más relevante fue la sincronía y diacronía de los momentos de aprendizaje, así como su intencionalidad y los actores involucrados.

ABSTRACT Continuing education (CE), lifelong education (LLE), and lifelong learning (LLL) are concepts that are often used in an undifferentiated way to refer to learning experiences that happen in a continued way. These concepts share characteristics and attributes that bring them together conceptually. However, each is determined by a series of historical and symbolic conditions that make them unique. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze each term to recognize their philosophical, semantic, technical, and operational coincidences and differences. This article presents qualitative research following a documentary approach. Twenty-one indexed articles from Redalyc, Scielo, and ERIC repositories were processed. In these articles, the concepts of CE, LLE, and LLL are defined or explained in depth. The information was encoded with the MAXQDA Software, which facilitated the processing of the texts. A double-entry table was generated for the organization of the results and their subsequent discussion. The categories of analysis were the historical origin of the concept, conceptual construction, integration, potential, obligation, learning content, development of autonomy, temporality, spatiality, the role of the learner, and objectives of each learning scheme. It was found that there are a series of similarities, such as the idea of continuity and professional development. The most relevant differences were the synchronicity and diachrony of the learning moments, their intentionality, and the actors involved.

ASBTRACT Objective To describe the prevalence of metabolic risk factors in Latin American university students through a systematic review. Methodology A systematic review of articles was carried out in electronic databases SciELO, PubMed and Google Scholar. Search included references, published from 2006 in Spanish, Portuguese, and English, that described the prevalence of risk factors in Latin American college population. Results 245 references were retrieved, of which 60 were selected for analysis. University students in Latin America showed a prevalence of metabolic risk factors that, in some cases, was like that of the population average. Conclusions The university community and Latin American governments must propose strategies to promote healthy lifestyles aimed at reducing the acquisition of risky behaviours during university life.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir la prevalencia de factores de riesgo de tipo metabólico en estudiantes universitarios latinoamericanos a través de una revisión sistemática. Metodología Se realizó una revisión sistemática de artículos en las bases de datos electrónicas de SciELO, PubMed y Google Académico. La búsqueda incluyó referencias publicadas a partir del año 2006 en idiomas español, portugués e inglés que describieran prevalencias de los factores de riesgo mencionados en población universitaria latinoamericana. Resultados Un total de 245 referencias fueron recuperadas, de las cuales 60 fueron seleccionados para su análisis. Los estudiantes universitarios en Latinoamérica presentaron una prevalencia de factores de riesgo metabólicos que, en algunos casos, fue similar a la de la media poblacional en general. Conclusiones Es necesario que la comunidad universitaria y los Gobiernos latinoamericanos planteen estrategias que promuevan estilos de vida saludables tendientes a reducir la adquisición de conductas de riesgo durante la vida universitaria.

ABSTRACT Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by the presence of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute kidney injury. Although it is usually distinguished as typical or infectious and atypical, it is necessary to recognize clinical situations in which it is revealed, such as pregnancy, immediate postpartum period, tumors, transplantation, drugs, etc., i.e. clinical conditions that have been called complement-amplifying conditions. Post-transplantation recurrence of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) has been described in variable percentages in patients with mutations of factor H, factor B, factor I and C3, and thrombomodulin gene, in reports of isolated cases. We present the case of a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) secondary to renal agenesis, a preemptive recipient of a related living donor kidney, which presented renal graft dysfunction secondary to thrombotic microangiopathy, associated with neurological complications, hemorrhages, multiple organ dysfunction and death. The findings of the genetic and pathological autopsy study are described.

RESUMEN El síndrome urémico hemolítico (SUH) se caracteriza por la presencia de anemia hemolítica, plaquetopenia e insuficiencia renal aguda. Si bien se distingue clásicamente en típico o infeccioso y atípico, es menester reconocer situaciones clínicas en las que se pone de manifiesto, como por ejemplo, embarazo, puerperio inmediato, tumores, trasplante, drogas, etc., condiciones clínicas que han sido denominadas amplificadoras del complemento. La recurrencia postrasplante delsíndrome urémico hemolítico atípico (SUHa) ha sido descrita en porcentajes variables en pacientes con mutaciones del factor H, factor B, factor I y C3, y gen de la trombomodulina, en reportes de casos aislados. Se presenta el caso de una paciente con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) secundaria a agenesia renal, receptora preemptive de un riñón de donante vivo relacionado que presentó disfunción del injerto renal secundaria a microangiopatía trombótica, asociado a complicación neurológica, hemorragias, disfunción orgánica múltiple y óbito. Se describen los hallazgos del estudio genético y anatomopatológico de necropsia.

Resumen El género Liolaemus presenta una gran diversidad entre los tetrápodos actuales, al punto de corresponder al segundo género con mayor número de especies válidas descritas del infraorden Iguania. En este trabajo, se describe una nueva especie de lagartija arenícola perteneciente al subgénero Eulaemus, grupo de Liolaemusmontanus, procedente de las lomas costeras de Quilca, La Chira y Ocoña, todos en la provincia de Camaná, departamento de Arequipa, Perú. Para determinar el estatus taxonómico de esta nueva especie, analizamos los caracteres morfológicos, moleculares y geográficos. Los caracteres morfológicos permitieron la caracterización y diagnóstico de la nueva especie, los moleculares fueron utilizados para realizar una inferencia bayesiana y los geográficos para determinar potenciales áreas de distribución. Este reptil se diferencia de las otras especies del grupo Liolaemusmontanus en su tamaño pequeño a mediano, su conjunto de caracteres morfológicos, folidosis y patrón de coloración: es la única especie del género donde los machos tienen un patrón de manchas laterales de forma redondeada con borde oscuro e interior verde desde las axilas hasta la mitad del cuerpo. Del mismo modo, los resultados filogenéticos moleculares realizados con el gen Cyt-b indican que no tiene relación directa con las especies fenéticamente similares descritas para el grupo. Sin embargo, existe una relación con poblaciones geográficamente cercanas que permanecen taxonómicamente innominadas. Finalmente, se determinó que esta lagartija tiene un endemismo muy marcado y sus poblaciones son poco abundantes.

Abstract The genus Liolaemus presents great diversity among the current tetrapods. It is the second genus with the highest number of valid species described of the Iguana infraorder. In this study, we described a new species of sand lizard from the coastal lomas of Quilca, La Chira and Ocoña that belongs to the subgenus Eulaemus and group of Liolaemus montanus, all in the province of Camaná, department of Arequipa, Peru. To determine the taxonomic status of this new organism, we analyzed morphological, molecular and geographical characters. The morphological characters allowed the characterization and diagnosis of the new species, the molecular data was used to make a Bayesian inference, and the geographic data served to determine potential distribution areas. This lizard diverges from the other species of the Liolaemus montanus group for its small to medium size, several sets of morphological characters, folidosis and color pattern. It is also the only species of the genus where the males have a pattern of lateral spots of rounded shape with dark border and green interior, from the armpits to the middle of the body. Additionally, the molecular phylogenetic results made with the Cyt-b gene indicate that it has no direct relationship with the phenetically similar species described for the group; nevertheless, there is a relationship with geographically close populations, which has not been properly described. Finally, it was determined that this lizard has a very marked endemism and its populations are not abundant.

Resumen El fósforo es fundamental en los procesos metabólicos de las plantas. La falta de fósforo en los suelos agrícolas se compensa con fertilizantes químicos, incrementando el costo de producción y contaminando el medio ambiente. Una alternativa ante esta situación es el uso de hongos solubilizadores de P como biofertilizantes. En este estudio se evaluó la solubilización del Ca3(PO4)2 por cinco micromicetos nativos del suelo (MNS) aislados de la rizosfera de plantas de Carica papaya. Además, se determinaron los factores nutricionales significativos implicados en la solubilización de fosfato tricálcico -Ca3(PO4)2- por Penicillium hispanicum a través de un diseño experimental Plackett-Burman (DEPB). Tanto Penicillium SP1 (108.5 mg/L) como P. hispanicum (106.5 mg/L) solubilizaron al 100% el Ca3(PO4)2, a los 6 días de cultivo. Todos los MNS evaluados disminuyeron el pH del medio de cultivo de 4.15 a <2.45. El DEPB reveló que la solubilización de Ca3(PO4)2 por P. hispanicum fue influenciada (P < 0.05) por valores bajos de MnSO4 (0.002 g/L), (NH4)2SO4 (0.25 g/L) y pH (4.0) y un valor alto de Ca3(PO4)2 (0.75 g/L). El contenido de proteína fue influenciado (P < 0.05) por valores bajos de glucosa (5.0 g/L), extracto de levadura (0.25 g/L), inóculo (1x105 conidios/mL) y pH (4.0) y valores altos de MgSO4 (0.15 g/L), FeSO4 (0.003 g/L) y Ca3(PO4)2 (0.75 g/L). Finalmente, la producción de biomasa fue influenciada (P < 0.05) por valores altos de glucosa (15.0 g/L) e inóculo (1*107 conidios/mL). Penicillium hispanicum es un buen candidato para futuros experimentos en campo para la solubilización del Ca3(PO4)2 en suelos con limitado C y N.

Abstract Phosphorus plays a fundamental role in plant metabolic processes. Lack of phosphorus in agricultural soils is compensated with chemical fertilizers, which increase the cost of production and contaminate the environment. One approach to avoid this situation is the use of P-solubilizing fungi as biofertilizers. In this study, the solubilization of Ca3(PO4)2 by five native soil-borne micromycetes (SBM) isolated from the rhizosphere of Carica papaya plants was evaluated. The significant nutritional factors involved in the solubilization of Ca3(PO4)2 by Penicillium hispanicum were determined through a Plackett-Burman experimental design (PBED). Both Penicillium SP1 (108.5 mg/L) and P. hispanicum (106.5 mg/L) solubilized 100% of Ca3(PO4)2 at six days of culture. All studied SBM decreased the pH of the culture medium from 4.15 (control) to <2.45. The PBED revealed that the solubilization of Ca3(PO4)2 by P. hispanicum was significantly influenced (P < 0.05) by low values of MnSO4 (0.002 g/L), (NH4)2SO4 (0.25 g/L) and pH (4.0) and a high amount of Ca3(PO4)2 (0.75 g/L). Total protein content was influenced significantly (P < 0.05) by low amounts of glucose (5.0 g/L), yeast extract (0.25 g/L), inoculum (1*105 conidia/mL) and pH (4.0) and high amounts of MgSO4 (0.15 g/L), FeSO4 (0.003 g/L) and Ca3(PO4)2 (0.75 g/L). Meanwhile, biomass production was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by a high level of glucose (15.0 g/L) and inoculum amount (1*107 conidia/mL). In conclusion, P. hispanicum is a good candidate for further field experiments to test Ca3(PO4)2 solubilization in poor soils that lack C and N sources.

Resumen El Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH) es una enfermedad diagnóstico frecuente, transmitida por contacto entre piel y mucosas. Se han descrito múltiples relaciones etiológicas con neoplasias en órganos del sistema genital y reproductor y a nivel de cabeza y cuello. Éste se ha agrupado y caracterizado mediante análisis filogenéticos y en su secuencia de nucleótidos y aminoácidos. EL VPH progresa por las capas de epitelio de piel o mucosa induciendo malignización celular. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante diversas técnicas de PCR o de hibridación in situ. El carcinoma orofaríngeo es una patología neoplásica con una presentación clínica variada. Su asociación a VPH es inmunohistoquímicamente detectable, y se asocia a una presentación más frecuente en jóvenes, en hombres, con una localización anatómica mejor definida, y con una expresión clínica más florida y temprana. Actualmente se ha documentado un incremento en los casos de carcinoma orofaríngeo a pesar del descenso de su principal factor de riesgo; el tabaquismo. Su incidencia y mortalidad continúan siendo relativamente bajas en comparación con otros tumores en cabeza y cuello. Este incremento se ha asociado etiológicamente a la infección de VPH con subtipos de mayor riesgo de malignidad como el VPH 16 y 18. A nivel nacional existen diferencias estadísticas con respecto a los datos foráneos, sin embargo la cantidad de estudios realizados en nuestra población y los sesgos asociados al subregistro de la enfermedad son un factor importante a tomar en cuenta. Es necesario realizar una mayor cantidad de estudios en la población costarricense para determinar el comportamiento real de esta enfermedad y su relación etiológica con el carcinoma de orofaringe en nuestro país.

Abstract The Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is a frequently diagnosed sexually transmitted disease, transmitted by contact between skin and mucous membranes. There are multiple etiological relationships between HPV infections and neoplasms in organs of the reproductive and genital system and at head and neck. Those belonging to HPV have been grouped and characterized by phylogenetic analysis and by its sequence of nucleotides and amino acids. HPV progresses through the layers of skin or mucosal epithelium inducing malignant transformation in these cells. The diagnosis of this infection is performed using various techniques of PCR and in situ hybridization. Oropharyngeal carcinoma is a neoplastic disease with a varied clinical presentation. Its association with HPV is detectable by immunohistochemic methods. It’s also associated more frequent with young people, men, presentation with a better defined anatomic location and an earlier clinical expression. Currently it has been documented an increase in cases of oropharyngeal carcinoma despite the fall of their main risk factor; smoking. Its incidence and mortality continue to be relatively low in comparison with other head and neck tumors. This increase has etiologically been associated with HPV infection; and with subtypes of increased risk of malignancy such as HPV 16 and 18; as with changes in the behavior of the disease. National statistics differ from the foreign data, however the low amount of studies in our population and the biases associated with underreporting of the disease are an important factor to take into account. It is necessary to perform a greater number of studies in the Costa Rican population to determine the actual behavior of this disease and its etiological relation to carcinoma of the oropharynx.

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como objetivo: Evaluar la factibilidad del uso de energías alternativas para la Estación SEK Limoncocha en el Ecuador, mediante el levantamiento de las potencialidades energéticas in situ, para la selección más adecuada del tipo de energía renovable. Para el estudio, en un primer momento se realiza un levantamiento geográfico de la zona y la medición de los parámetros: radiación solar, velocidad, dirección y frecuencia del viento, humedad relativa a más de la temperatura, para determinar la factibilidad del uso de la energía eólica y solar como fuentes primarias. En un segundo momento se ejecuta un balance de energía, para conocer el consumo energético dentro de la estación. Finalmente, el estudio permite determinar que la utilización de la radiación solar como fuente de energía en el sector puede desarrollarse de manera exitosa. Sin embargo, al identificar que los niveles de velocidad del viento son bajos es descartada la factibilidad de su utilización.

Abstract This paper aims to: Evaluate the feasibility of alternative energy uses for the SEK Limoncocha Station in Ecuador, through the lifting of the energetic potentialities for the most appropriate selection of the type of renewable energy. For the study, a geographic survey of the area and the measurement of the parameters: solar radiation, speed, direction and frequency of the wind, relative humidity to more than the temperature, is carried out to determine the feasibility of the use of the Wind and solar energy as primary sources. In a second moment, an energy balance is executed, to know the energy consumption inside the station. Finally, the study allows to determine that the use of solar radiation as an energy source in the sector can be successfully developed. However, by identifying that wind speed levels are low, discarded the feasibility of using.

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae strain 134 (Ma134), for dairy cattle naturally infested with Haematobia irritans (L.) An aqueous formulation of 1 x 108 conidia/ml was applied by aspersion on a group of eight cows every seven days for a total of four applications, while a control group was sprayed with the same solution without conidial content. The degree of horn fly infestation was estimated daily in both groups by the direct count of adult flies found resting or feeding on the animals, and Abbott’s formula was used to calculate the effectiveness of the formulation. The Ma134 formulation resulted in a 68.6 % reduction of the fly infestation during the study period, and a significant reduction was observed from the first week post-application (p< 0.05). The results show that the Ma134 formulation is effective in reducing infestations of horn fly, H. irritans, on dairy cattle under natural conditions. Thus, the fungus, Ma134, can be considered a candidate for biological control for the integrated management of H. irritans.

Introduction: The uses of legal drugs are common among university students, but have not done local research to reveal dependence on them. The objective was to determine the factors associated with consumption of tobacco and alcohol in students from eight Peruvian medical schools. Methods: Multicenter cross-sectional study of secondary data, a self-applied questionnaire was used in Peruvian medicine students, the test Cage and Fagerströmwas used to define tobacco consumption and alcohol habit, respectively; in addition to measuring other socio-educational variables. It was obtained statistical association and p values. Results: Of the 1,918 students tested, 55% (1,046) were women and the median age was 20 years. 34% of students consumed regularly tobacco; 9% (178) showed tobacco dependence, increased frequency of alcohol consumption (RPa: 8.39, IC 95%: 4.99-14.09; p < 0.001) and coffee (RPa: 1,72; IC 95%: 1.312.27; p < 0.001); receiving money from family decreased tobacco consumption (RPa: 0.68; IC 95%: 0.49-0.94, p = 0.019). 28% (537) consumed alcohol regularly, increasing its frequency being male (RPa: 1.51; IC 95%: 1.09-2.09, p = 0.012), having failed a course (RPa: 1,17; IC 95%: 1.02-1.33, p = 0.021), the academic semester coursing (RPa: 1.04; IC 95%: 1.01-1.08, p = 0.014) and consumption of tobacco (RPa: 2.89; IC 95%: 2.40-3.47; p < 0.001); also it decreased the frequency of alcohol comsuption daily hours studying (RPa: 0.96; IC 95%: 0.94-0.97;p < 0.001 ). Conclusions: Although the frequency of alcohol consumption and tobacco was not high, this associated some modifiable factors, which may intervene to reduce the frequency and potential consequences.

Introducción: El consumo de drogas lícitas es común entre los universitarios, no se han realizado investigaciones locales que revelen dependencia a las mismas. El objetivo fue determinar los factores asociados a la dependencia alcohólica y al tabaco en estudiantes de ocho facultades de medicina peruanas. Método: Estudio transversal analítico multicéntrico de datos secundarios, se utilizó un cuestionario auto-aplicado en los estudiantes de medicina peruanos, se usó los test de Cage y Fagerstrom para definir dependencia alcohólica y al tabaco, respectivamente; además de medir otras variables socio-educativas. Se obtuvo estadísticos de asociación y valores p. Resultados: De los 1.918 estudiantes evaluados, el 55% (1.046) fueron mujeres y la mediana de edades fue 20 años. El 34% de estudiantes consumía tabaco regularmente; el 9% (178) mostró dependencia al tabaco, aumentando la frecuencia el consumir alcohol (RPa: 8,39; IC95%: 4,99-14,09;p < 0,001) y café (RPa: 1,72; IC95%: 1,31-2,27;p < 0,001); el recibir dinero de su familia disminuyó la frecuencia de consumo de tabaco (RPa: 0,68; IC95%: 0,49-0,94; p: 0,019). Consumían alcohol regularmente un 49%; mostrando dependencia alcohólica un 28% (537), aumentando su frecuencia el ser varón (RPa: 1,51; IC95%: 1,09-2,09; p: 0,012), el haber desaprobado un curso (RPa: 1,17; IC95%: 1,02-1,33; p: 0,021), el semestre académico que cursaban (RPa: 1,04; IC95%: 1,01-1,08; p: 0,014) y la dependencia al tabaco (RPa: 2,89; IC95%: 2,40-3,47;p < 0,001 ); asimismo, disminuyó la dependencia alcohólica, las horas diarias que estudia (RPa: 0,96; IC95%: 0,94-0,97;p < 0,001). Conclusiones: Si bien la dependencia al alcohol y tabaco no fue alta, a esto se asoció algunos factores modificables, en los que se pueden intervenir para disminuir la frecuencia y sus posibles consecuencias.